Adapted from an article from the American Academy of Neurology, May 6, 2021
Eating a Mediterranean diet that is rich in fish, vegetables, and olive oil may protect your brain from protein buildup and shrinkage that can lead to Alzheimer’s disease, according to a new study. The research is published in the May 5, 2021, online issue of Neurology.
The study looked at abnormal proteins called amyloid and tau. Amyloid is a protein that forms into plaques, while tau is a protein that forms into tangles. Both are found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease but may also be found in the brains of older people with normal cognition.
The Mediterranean diet includes high intake of vegetables, legumes, fruits, cereals, fish, and monounsaturated fatty acids such as olive oil, and low intake of saturated fatty acids, dairy products, and meat.
“Our study suggests that eating a diet that’s high in unsaturated fats, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in dairy and red meat may actually protect your brain from the protein buildup that can lead to memory loss and dementia,” said study author Tommaso Ballarini, PhD, of the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Bonn, Germany. “These results add to the body of evidence that show what you eat may influence your memory skills later on.”
The study involved 512 people. Of those, 169 were cognitively normal, while 343 were identified as being at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers looked at how closely people followed the Mediterranean diet based on their answers to a questionnaire asking how much they ate of 148 items over the previous month. People who often ate healthy foods typical of the Mediterranean diet, like fish, vegetables, and fruit, and only occasionally ate foods not typical of the Mediterranean diet like red meat, received the highest scores, for a maximum score of nine.
Cognitive skills were assessed with an extensive test set for Alzheimer’s disease progression that looked at five different functions, including language, memory, and executive function. All the participants had brain scans to determine their brain volume. In addition, the spinal fluid of 226 study participants was tested for amyloid and tau protein biomarkers.
Researchers then looked at how closely someone followed the Mediterranean diet, and the relationship to their brain volume, tau and amyloid biomarkers, and cognitive skills. After adjusting for factors like age, sex, and education, researchers found that in the area of the brain most closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease, each point lower people scored on the Mediterranean diet scale equated to almost one year of brain aging.
When looking at amyloid and tau in people’s spinal fluid, those who did not follow the diet closely had higher levels of biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology than those who did. When it came to a test of memory, people who did not follow the diet closely scored worse than those who did.
“More research is needed to show the mechanism by which a Mediterranean diet protects the brain from protein buildup and loss of brain function, but findings suggest that people may reduce their risk for developing Alzheimer’s by incorporating more elements of the Mediterranean diet into their daily diets,” Ballarini said.
Reference: Ballarini T, van Len DM, Brunner J, et al. Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease biomarkers and brain atrophy in old age. Neurology. 2021; doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012067
Lamb Loin Chops with Lemon-Mint Gremolata, Spotlight on Gremolata, Why Proteins Need to Rest, Secrets of the World’s Healthiest Country, and Exercise for Your Brain
Lamb is finally having its moment in American cuisine. Many of us didn’t grow up eating lamb, so if you’ve never tried it, you may just think you don’t like it. Or if you’ve only known it as a special occasion or holiday dish, it might not occur to you to shop for it on a regular basis. But lamb has a mild, tender taste that meat eaters will love, and loin or shoulder chops are perfect for the grill any day of the year. Salt, pepper, and a quick rub with extra virgin olive oil, and you’re set to go.
Lamb is finally having its moment in American cuisine. Many of us didn’t grow up eating lamb, so if you’ve never tried it, you may just think you don’t like it. Or if you’ve only known it as a special occasion or holiday dish, it might not occur to you to shop for it on a regular basis. But lamb has a mild, tender taste that meat eaters will love, and loin or shoulder chops are perfect for the grill any day of the year. Salt, pepper, and a quick rub with extra virgin olive oil, and you’re set to go.
Ingredients
2 garlic cloves, peeled and roughly chopped
1/4 cup fresh mint leaves
1/4 cup fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
Zest of 1 lemon
2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
1/4 cup shelled hazelnuts
1/4 cup extra virgin olive oil, plus extra for brushing on the lamb chops
Kosher salt to taste
Coarsely ground black pepper to taste
8 lamb loin chops
Directions
Step 1
Make the gremolata: In a blender or mini food processor, combine the garlic, mint, parsley, lemon zest and juice, and hazelnuts. Pulse several times, and then slowly add the 1/4 cup of olive oil. Process until relatively smooth. If the mixture seems stiff, add a small amount of water. Season with salt and pepper. Reserve.
Step 2
Preheat your grill to medium-high. Brush the lamb chops on both sides with olive oil, and season well with salt and pepper. Grill for 2 to 3 minutes per side for medium-rare. After letting chops rest for 5 minutes, plate two chops per person with a healthy dollop of the gremolata and pass the rest.
Yields 4 servings.
Healthy Ingredient Spotlight
The Greatness of Gremolata
If you’re a sauce maven like me, you need gremolata in your repertoire. Traditionally used as a garnish for osso buco, the slow-braised veal shank dish from the Lombardy region, this classic Italian mixture is a masterful garnish for all types of foods, from grilled meat, chicken, and fish to roasted vegetables and creamy soups. Always use the freshest parsley, mint, and garlic, and make it as close to mealtime as possible for the best flavor.
Healthy Kitchen Nugget
Why Proteins Need to Rest
I always say it about grilled meats, but the same goes for roasts: Proteins need to rest and redistribute their juices before you cut into them. Otherwise, those juices will pour out—and will often be lost—as you make your first slice. Of course, this is more essential, and the rest time is longer, for a large flank steak than for individual lamb chops. Keep in mind that during this time out of the oven or off the grill, the food continues to cook, and its internal temperature will rise anywhere from a few degrees in a small portion of meat to 10 or 15 degrees in a turkey. Consider these additional degrees when testing food with your instant-read thermometer, and take it off the heat source accordingly, to avoid going beyond the level of doneness you desire.
For Your Best Health
Secrets of the World’s Healthiest Country
Members of the Fresh-Pressed Olive Oil Club know that I’ve been working with artisanal olive growers in Spain for my extra virgin olive oil since 2005. Olive oil courses through daily life in Spanish towns—when people hear you are interested in olive oil, they brighten, invariably promising to put you in touch with their cousin or neighbor who grows olives. Olive oil is such an integral part of the Mediterranean diet of healthy fats, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, which Spaniards elevate to great heights with their fabulous cuisine. So it was no surprise to me when Spain ranked #1 in the last Bloomberg Global Health Index report.
The index uses a group of factors to rank the countries of the world on a scale from 0 to 100, with 100 being the ideal. The factors are life expectancy, malnutrition, causes of death, the availability of clean water, and health risks like tobacco use, high blood pressure, and obesity. With a score of 92.75, Spain took top honors. It boasts a life expectancy projected to rise to 85.8 years by 2040—the highest in the world. In addition to its signature healthy diet, Spain is also a country of walkers, which is so great for fitness. And guess what country came in second? Its close neighbor on the other side of the Mediterranean: Italy!
Fitness Flash
Exercise: Good for the Mind
A recent report in ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal crystallized what health experts have been saying for years: Beyond its benefits for physical health, exercise is great for mental health, with both short- and long-term advantages. Across your life span, the more you engage in physical activity, the more you can reduce the risk of depression and anxiety, two crippling mental illnesses. And should you develop one of these issues, the cumulative effects of regular exercise can help you cope better.
Just having a bad day? An exercise session can get you out of a blue mood and defuse anger, stress, and tension. Get in a brisk walk at lunch, and you may find that you have better concentration and renewed enthusiasm in the afternoon.
Scientists don’t have a magic formula for the type, intensity, or length of a mental health-boosting workout, but that’s not really a problem. Sticking with a workout plan is what’s most important, and the secret to doing that is to go with your individual preferences—there’s no point in forcing yourself to run for five miles if what you really like to do is play tennis. Know that mind-body exercises like yoga, tai chi, and qigong can improve symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as other forms of exercise do, and put together a menu of choices that appeal to you. Even though fitness guidelines for heart health look at weekly totals—150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week (plus resistance and flexibility exercises), the more you can spread out those minutes, the better: 10 to 20 minutes each and (almost) every day is most helpful to regulate mood.
Chacareo Chileno Recipe, Spotlight on Cilantro, No-Bowl Marinade, Feeding Your Brain Through Fitness and Is It Time to Join a CSA?
Ready to elevate your grill game? In this week’s edition of The Olive Oil Hunter Newsletter and in many editions to come, I’m going to share with you my favorite recipes for the tastiest and easiest-to-make grilled foods. The recipes often start with a marinade—usually extra virgin olive oil, an acid such as vinegar or lemon juice, and herbs and spices—designed to infuse flavor and help whatever you’re cooking stay juicy. My first tip: The longer you marinate, the more flavorful the food becomes.
The steak sandwich is an American tradition, but I’m shaking it up by going Chilean-style. The mix of tastes and textures makes for a truly memorable experience.
Santiago’s signature sandwich is the chacarero, a mouth-stretching pileup of grilled steak, mashed avocado, tomato, green beans, and a shot of hot sauce on a soft roll. This unusual combination, chockful of healthy veggies, is served up at casual eateries all over the city, from lunch counters to beer halls. It’s equally delicious when made with grilled pork, chicken, or vegetables, and thanks to the olive oil-based marinade, guaranteed to be anything but ordinary!
Ingredients
1 1/2 pounds boneless steak, such as rib eye, strip, or sirloin
5 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, plus more for the rolls
2 cloves garlic, minced
3 tablespoons fresh lime juice, divided
1 tablespoon chopped cilantro, plus whole leaves for serving
1 teaspoon kosher salt, divided
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1 1/2 cups fresh green beans, julienned
2 ripe avocados, pitted and peeled
4 Kaiser rolls or other large soft rolls, sliced and lightly toasted
Four thick slices ripe red tomato
Thinly sliced jalapeños (optional)
Hot sauce for serving
Directions
Step 1
Place the steak in a resealable plastic bag along with 4 tablespoons olive oil, the garlic, 1 1/2 tablespoons lime juice, the chopped cilantro, and 1/2 teaspoon each salt and pepper. Marinate, refrigerated, for 4 to 8 hours. Meanwhile, steam or boil the beans in salted water until tender-crisp, about 5 minutes; plunge them in ice water, then drain and set aside.
Step 2
Mash the avocados with the remaining lime juice, 1 tablespoon olive oil, and 1/2 teaspoon salt and set aside. Set up a grill for direct grilling and preheat to medium-high. Drain the steaks. Season well with salt and pepper and grill to medium-rare, turning once with tongs. Let rest for 5 minutes, and then thinly slice on a diagonal. Drizzle the cut sides of the rolls with olive oil. Thickly spread one-fourth of the avocado mixture on the top half of each bun. Divide the meat between the bottom halves of the buns. Top the meat with a tomato slice, jalapeños (if using), cilantro leaves, and green beans. Replace the top half of the bun and press lightly. Serve with hot sauce.
Yields 4 servings.
Healthy Ingredient Spotlight
Cilantro: With Olive Oil, It’s a Match Made in Culinary Heaven
There’s no question about it—cilantro is a versatile herb, as integral to Asian cuisines as it is to Mexican and Latin American ones. Rich in a variety of vitamins and minerals, cilantro is very nutritious, and I like to use both the leaves and the tender part of the stems, so little goes to waste. Depending on the recipe, you might coarsely hand-chop it or give it a whir in the blender or food processor to make a fine mince or even a purée with the help of a drizzle of extra virgin olive oil.
Growing your own cilantro in the garden or on a windowsill is quite easy, but I suggest starting with a small plant rather than seeds to speed up how soon you’ll be able to take cuttings. In the garden, at the end of the growing season when the plant starts to turn brown, seed heads will develop—you know cilantro seeds as coriander, typically sold dried and used whole or ground. You can make your own coriander by cutting off the seed heads and hanging them in a brown paper bag until fully dry. Then transfer the seeds to a spice jar, label it, and start cooking—toast or grind the seeds, homegrown or store-bought, before using for better flavor.
Fun fact: If you’re a person who just can’t cozy up to the taste of cilantro, it’s not your imagination—it’s your DNA. Research studies, including one done by 23andMe, actually discovered that people who find cilantro unpleasant, often likening the taste to soap or dirt, have a gene that causes this perception. On a positive note, the aversion might not extend to coriander seeds, so be sure to give them a try.
Healthy Kitchen Nugget
No-Bowl Marinade
For a no-fuss, no-cleanup-needed way to marinate food, I use resealable plastic bags, as in the above recipe. Add all your marinade ingredients to a gallon bag, pop in your protein or veggies, seal, and refrigerate. You’ll get good flavor after an hour, but it will intensify the longer you leave the bag in the fridge—up to eight hours or even overnight. Turn the bag occasionally so that the marinade gets evenly distributed.
For Your Best Health
Is It Time to Join a CSA?
CSA stands for “community supported agriculture,” and for over 25 years, it’s been a great option for buying local seasonal food directly from a farmer. Tens of thousands of families have joined CSAs, and in some areas of the country there is more demand than there are CSA farms to meet it. How it works: The farmer offers a certain number of “shares” or subscriptions that entitle purchasers to a box of fresh-grown foods each week. The CSA model is considered a “shared risk”—customers pay up front for the whole season and the farmers do their best to provide an abundant box of produce each week.
There are also now many variations on the CSA arrangement. With some, members go to their CSA farm and pick and choose what they want from offerings. Plus, many CSAs aren’t limited to produce—some offer eggs, homemade bread, meat, cheese, flowers, and other farm products. For options near you, check out localharvest.org with its database of more than 4,000 CSA farms. You can also learn more about how CSAs work and what to expect.
Fitness Flash
Feeding Your Brain Through Fitness
Your heart isn’t the only organ that benefits from exercise. Turns out that the brain also loves it when you get up and move. That’s one of the key takeaways from Keep Sharp: Building a Better Brain at Any Age, the latest book from neurosurgeon Sanjay Gupta, MD. Aerobic exercise in particular enhances brain function and its ability to fight off disease—it lowers harmful inflammation and starts a chain reaction that boosts neural cells. If you sit for most of the day, it’s just as important for your brain as for your overall health to get up frequently and walk around.
Among Dr. Gupta’s other tenets are getting enough sleep, continually learning and challenging your brain with problem-solving and reasoning activities, staying connected with others, and eating well. He’s a fan of Martha Clare Morris, epidemiologist and founding member of the Global Council on Brain Health, and her recommendation to follow the Mediterranean way of eating with a diet built on vegetables, berries, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, and olive oil.
Best of all, it’s never too late to get started—your brain and your body will thank you.
