Background: Cognitive decline—worsening memory and more frequent memory loss or confusion—affects 10% of all US adults aged 45 and older. Incidence is higher—11.4%—among Hispanic and Latino Americans. In some cases, cognitive decline may be an early sign of dementia.
Close adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) is associated with a reduced risk of dementia and cognitive decline. The MeDi emphasizes fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, legumes, nuts, low to moderate amounts of dairy, eggs, fish, and poultry, and olive oil as the primary fat source.
Researchers have attributed the MeDi’s brain benefits to its cardiovascular effects, such as lower blood pressure, reduced diabetes risk, and improvements in blood vessel function and cholesterol levels. The first large-scale study of the MeDi in Hispanic and Latino Americans investigated whether the MeDi’s brain benefits are independent of its cardiovascular effects.
Preliminary findings from this 10-year study of 2,774 participants (44% men, 56% women; average age 64 at follow-up) were presented at the recent conference of the American Stroke Association, February 5–7, 2025.
Methods: At an initial visit, each participant reported their food intake during the previous 24 hours and received a score (0 to 9), indicating how closely their diet corresponded to the MeDi. Average MeDi score was 5. Ten years after the baseline visit, investigators obtained a brain scan via MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) for each participant.
The main outcome evaluated in the study was white matter integrity (WMI) and volume. The white matter of the brain (as opposed to the gray matter) consists of bundles of nerve fibers that, crucially, communicate information to different parts of the brain. WMI and volume are markers of the strength of those connections in the brain. MRI scans provide clear, detailed cross-sections of the brain, showing white matter and gray matter.
To account for the impact of cardiovascular benefits, the study also asked participants about multiple practices associated with heart health: regular exercise; healthy diet; not smoking; weight maintenance; and maintaining healthy blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels.
Results: Participants with higher MeDi scores had stronger connections between regions of the brain (preserved WMI) compared to those with lower MeDi scores. With each point higher in MeDi score, participants’ MRI scans also showed less structural damage to the blood vessels of the brain. After factoring in heart-health practices, the researchers determined that cardiovascular effects alone did not account for all the significant brain benefits of the MeDi.
Conclusion: Eating a Mediterranean-style diet improved brain health and preserved structural integrity in a high-risk population. Even small adjustments in food intake, closer to the MeDi, could help protect against cognitive decline and dementia. The brain benefits of the MeDi extend beyond its well-known cardiovascular effects—more research is needed to identify the brain-protective mechanisms involved.
Pistachio Cake with White Chocolate Cream Recipe, Spotlight on Pistachios, Grinding Nuts, Protecting the Brain, and New Stroke Prevention Guidelines
Looking for a sweet change from that box of chocolates for Valentine’s Day? My cake combines tender pistachio chiffon layers and a rich but not overly sweet cream filling. It’s a showstopper to cap off any celebration. While most of the attention around February 14 is on the heart, I’m sharing important advice for nurturing your brain to stave off two health threats—dementia and stroke.
Pistachio and white chocolate are two luscious ingredients whose unique tastes enhance each other. This cake is not only delicious but can also be up made up to two days in advance. For the white chocolate, choose a brand that’s 35% cacao and in bar or disc form, not chips, which won’t melt smoothly.
Ingredients
For the cake:
4 large eggs
1 cup cake flour
1/2 cup ground unsalted pistachios (see Healthy Ingredient Spotlight and Quick Kitchen Nugget in weekly newsletter)
1/2 teaspoon baking powder
1 cup sugar, divided use
1/2 cup extra virgin olive oil
1 teaspoon vanilla
1/3 cup room-temperature water
1/4 teaspoon fine sea salt
1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar
For the filling and garnish:
4-1/2 ounces white chocolate
1-1/2 cups heavy cream, divided use
2 tablespoons confectioners’ sugar
2 pints raspberries
1/4 cup unsalted pistachios, coarsely chopped
Optional: edible dried rose petals
Directions
Step 1
Make the cake: Separate the yolks from the whites when the eggs are cold and allow them to come to room temperature.
Step 2
Place one of your oven racks in the center of the oven; preheat to 325°F. Line a 17-by-13-inch rimmed sheet pan with parchment paper (do not grease it).
Step 3
In a small bowl, whisk together the flour, ground pistachios, and baking powder; set aside. In a large bowl or the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the whisk attachment, beat the egg yolks and a 1/2 cup of the sugar at medium speed until pale, about 2 minutes. Mix in the olive oil, vanilla, and water. On low speed, fold in the flour mixture. If you have only one stand mixer bowl, transfer the batter to another bowl and wash the stand mixer bowl and whisk thoroughly—any fat will prevent the egg whites from whipping.
Step 4
In a separate large bowl or the cleaned bowl of the stand mixer fitted with the whisk attachment, beat the egg whites on medium-low speed until foamy, about 30 seconds. Add the salt, cream of tartar, and remaining 1/2 cup sugar. Slowly increase the speed to high and beat until you achieve a glossy meringue that holds firm peaks, 5 to 8 minutes depending on your mixer.
Step 5
Add a 1/4 of the meringue to the batter and mix thoroughly to incorporate (this will lighten it). Add the remaining meringue in 3 batches, gently folding after each addition until only a few streaks of meringue remain (err on the side of undermixing to keep the batter billowy).
Step 6
Transfer the batter to the sheet pan and smooth out with a large offset spatula; be sure to get into the corners of the pan. Bake for 10 minutes, then rotate the sheet pan in the oven for more even baking. Continue baking until the top is golden brown and springs back when gently pressed, 10 to 15 minutes more.
Step 7
Remove the sheet pan from the oven and slide the cake and parchment paper onto a wire rack to cool. After 10 minutes, invert the cake onto another rack and gently peel off the parchment paper. Let the cake cool completely.
Step 8
Make the filling: Melt the white chocolate and a 1/3 cup heavy cream in the microwave in 1-minute increments at power 4 until just about melted. Use a small spatula to stir until completely smooth; let cool to room temperature.
Step 9
Place the rest of the cream in a large bowl or the clean bowl of the stand mixer fitted with the whisk attachment. Whisk until thick, then with the mixer running on low speed, add the cooled melted white chocolate. Increase the speed and whip until peaks form. Chill in the fridge for 15 minutes for easier spreading.
Step 10
While the cream is chilling, trim the edges of the cake. Sprinkle on the confectioners’ sugar and use your hands or a pastry brush to spread it out. Cut the cake into 3 sections, each about 12 inches long and just over 5 inches wide. Rinse the raspberries and pat them dry. Reserve 20 berries and lightly mash the rest in a bowl.
Step 11
To assemble the cake, place one layer on a rectangular serving plate and spread on 1/3 of the filling, then press in half the mashed berries. Repeat with another layer of cake, another 1/3 of the cream, and the rest of the mashed berries. Top with the final cake layer and spread the rest of the cream on top. Garnish with the whole berries, chopped pistachios, and, if desired, rose petals.
Yields 8 servings
Healthy Ingredient Spotlight
Pistachios
With good amounts of protein, fiber, healthy fats, potassium, B vitamins, and assorted phytochemicals, pistachios are great to include in dishes—from baked goods to salads—and make a smart snack.
For baking, choose unsalted pistachios and, to bring out their flavor without losing their green color, toast for just a few minutes at a low temperature. Preheat your oven to 300°F. Place the shelled pistachios on a rimmed sheet pan and into the oven for about 5 minutes. Once the nuts cool down a bit, rub them between your hands to remove some of the skins. Wait until the nuts reach room temperature to grind or chop them as needed for your recipe.
Quick Kitchen Nugget
Grinding Nuts
As with almonds, ground pistachios are easy to make at home in a nut or coffee bean grinder. I prefer a grinder and working in batches to using a food processor, unless the goal is to achieve more of a nut butter. To keep ground pistachios light and powdery for a cake, add nuts until the grinder is about half full and process in spurts. Stop the machine as soon as you no longer hear any chopping noise. It typically takes about 2 ounces of shelled nuts to yield a 1/2 cup of nut flour.
For Your Best Health
Protecting the Brain
A recent study supported by the National Institutes of Health and published in Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, looked at a new potential harm of processed and unprocessed red meat: negative impacts on brain health.
“Red meat is high in saturated fat and has been shown in previous studies to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, which are both linked to reduced brain health,” said study author Dong Wang, MD, ScD, of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. “Our study found processed red meat may increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia, but the good news is that it also found that replacing it with healthier alternatives, like nuts, fish, and poultry, may reduce a person’s risk.”
The researchers defined processed red meat as bacon, hot dogs, sausages, salami, bologna, and other processed meat products, and unprocessed red meat as beef, pork, lamb, and hamburger. A serving of red meat is 3 ounces, about the size of a deck of cards.
The first part of the research involved 133,771 people with an average age of 49 who did not have dementia at the start of the study. Participants completed a food diary every 2 to 4 years, listing what they ate and how often, enabling the researchers to calculate how much red meat each person ate on average per day. They were followed up to 43 years. Of this group, 11,173 people developed dementia.
To see the effects of processed red meat, they divided the participants into three groups: The low group ate an average of fewer than 0.10 servings per day (think of this as less than 1 serving a week); the medium group ate between 0.10 and 0.24 servings per day (less than 1 to less than 2 servings a week); and the high group, 0.25 or more servings per day (roughly 2 or more servings a week). After adjusting for age, sex, and other risk factors for cognitive decline, researchers found that participants in the high group had a 13% higher risk of developing dementia compared to those in the low group.
To see the effects of unprocessed red meat, they compared people who ate an average of less than half a serving per day to people who ate 1 or more servings per day; they did not find a difference in dementia risk.
The researchers also looked at both subjective cognitive decline and objective cognitive function. Subjective cognitive decline is when a person reports memory and thinking problems before any decline is large enough to show up on standard tests. Objective cognitive function, which can identify decline, is how well your brain works to remember, think, and solve problems. To evaluate meat’s potential effects on subjective cognitive decline, they looked at a different group of 43,966 participants with an average age of 78 who took surveys rating their own memory and thinking skills twice during the study.
After adjusting for age, sex, and other risk factors for cognitive decline, the researchers found that participants who ate an average of 0.25 or more servings per day of processed red meat had a 14% higher risk of subjective cognitive decline compared to those who ate an average of fewer than 0.10 servings per day. They also found people who ate 1 or more servings of unprocessed red meat per day had a 16% higher risk of subjective cognitive decline compared to people who ate less than a 1/2 serving per day.
To evaluate meat’s potential effects on objective cognitive function, the researchers looked at a third group, 17,458 female participants with an average age of 74 who took memory and thinking tests four times during the study.
After adjusting for risk factors, the researchers found that eating more processed red meat was associated with faster brain aging in global cognition with 1.61 years with each additional serving per day and in verbal memory with 1.69 years with each additional serving per day.
Finally, researchers found that replacing 1 serving per day of processed red meat with 1 serving per day of nuts and legumes was associated with a 19% lower risk of dementia and 1.37 fewer years of cognitive aging. Making the same substitution for fish was associated with a 28% lower risk of dementia and replacing with chicken was associated with a 16% lower risk.
“Reducing how much red meat a person eats and replacing it with other protein sources and plant-based options could be included in dietary guidelines to promote cognitive health,” said Dr. Wang.
A limitation of the study was that it primarily looked at white health care professionals, so the results might not be the same for other race, ethnic, and non-binary sex and gender populations. “More research is needed to assess our findings in more diverse groups,” he concluded.
Fitness Flash
New Stroke Prevention Guidelines
Each year, over half a million Americans have a first stroke. According to the American Stroke Association, a division of the American Heart Association, up to 80% of strokes may be preventable. Its “2024 Guideline for the Primary Prevention of Stroke” outlines steps that people and their doctors can take to protect against this devastating brain event, including screening people for stroke risk factors and increasing the public’s awareness and knowledge about healthy lifestyle changes to reduce the risk.
“The most effective way to reduce the occurrence of a stroke and stroke-related death is to prevent the first stroke—referred to as primary prevention,” said the guideline writing group chair, Cheryl D. Bushnell, MD, MHS, FAHA, professor and vice chair of research in the Department of Neurology at Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, NC. “Some populations have an elevated risk of stroke, whether it be due to genetics, lifestyle, biological factors, and/or social determinants of health, and in some cases, people do not receive appropriate screening to identify their risk.”
The guideline replaces the 2014 version and provides evidence-based recommendations for strategies to support brain health and prevent stroke throughout a person’s life. “This guideline is important because new discoveries have been made since the last update 10 years ago. Understanding which people are at increased risk of a first stroke and providing support to preserve heart and brain health can help prevent a first stroke,” said Dr. Bushnell.
Modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, elevated cholesterol, and elevated blood sugar, can be identified with physical exams and blood tests. These conditions, the guideline states, should be addressed with healthy lifestyle and behavioral changes and may include medications. A new recommendation is to consider GLP-1 receptor agonist medications, which are FDA-approved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in people who are overweight or obese and/or have type 2 diabetes.
The most common lifestyle behaviors that can help reduce stroke risk include healthy nutrition, regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco, getting healthy sleep, being at a healthy weight, controlling cholesterol, and managing blood pressure and blood sugar. The guideline recommends that adults with no prior cardiovascular disease, as well as those with increased risk, follow a Mediterranean dietary plan. Mediterranean dietary programs have been shown to reduce the risk of stroke, especially when nuts and olive oil are eaten.
The guideline also includes some new specific recommendations for women. Health professionals should screen for conditions that can increase a woman’s risk of stroke, including use of oral contraceptives, high blood pressure during pregnancy, other pregnancy complications such as premature birth, endometriosis, premature ovarian failure, and early onset menopause. For instance, treating elevated blood pressure during pregnancy and within six weeks of delivery is recommended to reduce the risk of maternal intracerebral hemorrhage.
“Most strategies that we recommend for preventing stroke will also help reduce the risk of dementia, another serious health condition related to vascular issues in the brain,” said Dr. Bushnell.
According to the American Stroke Association, it’s also important to remember the warning signs of stroke with the acronym FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911.
Cold Avocado and Cucumber Soup Recipe and The Mediterranean Diet for Longevity
Members of the Fresh-Pressed Olive Oil Club are well aware of the benefits of extra virgin olive oil as part of the world-famous Mediterranean diet. Dozens of studies have assessed its health effects and its link to longevity, most commonly attributed to its improving heart health. But how the Mediterranean diet works its magic hasn’t been thoroughly understood. Investigators from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston recently published the results of a long-term study that helps unravel this mystery. I’m thrilled to share their findings. And to start, here’s a recipe that highlights the plant-based approach that underscores the Mediterranean way of living.
There’s nothing more refreshing than a chilled soup for lunch or dinner during the dog days of summer, especially when there’s no cooking needed. I like to add a different kind of heat with a fresh hot pepper, but you can omit it if you aren’t a fan!
Ingredients
2 pounds cucumbers, about 2-3 large ones
1 small jalapeño, halved and seeded, optional
2 ripe Hass avocados
2 cups plain nonfat Greek yogurt or skyr
3 large scallions, trimmed
3 garlic cloves, peeled
1 cup packed of fresh parsley, dill, and chives
1/4 cup extra virgin olive oil, plus more for drizzling
Optional garnishes: thin slices of avocado, a dollop of yogurt or skyr, more fresh herbs
Directions
Halve the cucumbers lengthwise and use a large spoon to scoop out and discard most of the seeds; leave on the peel. Cut the cucumbers into chunks for easier puréeing. If using the pepper, halve it, scoop out the seeds and veins, and discard them along with the stem. Scoop all the flesh out of the avocados.
Step 2
Working in batches as needed, add the cucumbers, avocados, pepper if using, yogurt, scallions, garlic, herbs, olive oil, water, and vinegar to your food processor bowl or blender and process until puréed—the mixture should be fairly thick. If it’s too thick, add more water, 2 tablespoons at a time, until it’s pourable. Taste and season with salt and pepper as desired. Chill in the fridge for about an hour.
Step 3
To serve, ladle portions into soup bowls or glasses, garnish as desired, and drizzle with more olive oil.
Yields 8 servings
For Your Best Health
The Mediterranean Diet for Longevity
The study: “Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Women,” JAMA Network Open,2024.
The health benefits of a Mediterranean diet, on its own and when compared to other healthy ways of eating, are so strong that US dietary guidelines have repeatedly designated it as the healthiest recommended diet. It’s also gotten the nod from many health organizations around the globe, including the American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology, and Australian National Heart Foundation. While these benefits aren’t in doubt, how it achieves them hasn’t been completely understood. This new study sought to better explain the various ways in which the body responds to the diet—how exactly closely following it lowers mortality risk. What’s more, the more than 25,000 participants were American women. In general, women aren’t included in the same numbers as men in most studies, and regarding research on the Mediterranean diet in particular, most studies have been done in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, where the diet is more of a way of life than in the US.
For the study, researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital, a founding member of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system, followed the women, who were all healthy at the start of the study, for up to 25 years. They found that participants who followed the diet most closely had up to 23% lower risk of all-cause mortality…and found evidence of biological changes to help explain why. They were able to detect and evaluate changes in approximately 40 biomarkers representing various biological pathways and clinical risk factors, both traditional ones and novel ones that hadn’t been used in prior studies. Biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation made the largest contribution, followed by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, adiposity, and insulin resistance. Smaller contributions were seen from biological pathways relate to branched-chain amino acids, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, glycemic measures, and hypertension.
“For women who want to live longer, our study says watch your diet!,” said senior author Samia Mora, MD, a cardiologist and the director of the Center for Lipid Metabolomics at the Brigham. “The good news is that following a Mediterranean dietary pattern could result in about one quarter reduction in risk of death over more than 25 years with benefit for both cancer and cardiovascular mortality, the top causes of death in women (and men) in the US and globally.”
“Our research provides significant public health insight: Even modest changes in established risk factors for metabolic diseases, particularly those linked to small molecule metabolites, inflammation, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, obesity, and insulin resistance, can yield substantial long-term benefits from following a Mediterranean diet,” said lead author Shafqat Ahmad, PhD, an associate professor of epidemiology at Uppsala University Sweden and a researcher in the Center for Lipid Metabolomics and the Division of Preventive Medicine at the Brigham. “This finding underscores the potential of encouraging healthier dietary habits to reduce the overall risk of mortality.”
How the Study Was Conducted
At the start of the study, blood samples, biomarker measurements, and dietary information were taken from the participants, who self-reported demographics and filled out a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The data collection period was from April 1993 to January 1996, and data analysis took place from June 2018 to November 2023.
Each participant was given a score for Mediterranean diet adherence, which ranged from 0 to 9. Eating a higher-than-median amount of each of a list of foods—vegetables (excluding potatoes), fruits, nuts, whole grains, legumes, and fish—earned 1 point. So did eating a good ratio of monounsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids such as olive oil compared to butter, a less-than-median amount of red and processed meat, and having an alcohol intake within the range of 5 to 15 grams a day (one 5-ounce glass of wine, a 12-ounce can of regular beer, or 1.5 ounces of liquor). Participants were then categorized into one of three levels: 0-3 or low, 4-5 or intermediate, and 6-9 or high. Women with scores of 6 or greater had a 23% lower relative risk of all-cause mortality than did women who scored 3 or less.
“The health benefits of the Mediterranean diet are recognized by medical professionals, and our study offers insights into why the diet may be so beneficial. Public health policies should promote the healthful dietary attributes of the Mediterranean diet and should discourage unhealthy adaptations,” said Dr. Mora.
Horiatiki Salad Recipe and The MIND Diet for Brain Health: More Benefits of Olive Oil
I’m a huge fan of both Greek and Middle Eastern salads, the ingredients of which are not only delicious but also mainstays of the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet, a way of eating designed for brain health. It’s an offshoot of the super-healthy Mediterranean diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet. Why the distinction? Because the latest research on the MIND diet shows it can slow aging as well as reduce dementia risk. Add this to the list of the benefits of olive oil—it’s one of the super foods that MIND suggests including every day.
Looking for a fast meal with layers of flavor? This dish has it all. What’s more, you can make it your own by adding other veggies or a protein, like poached shrimp or grilled chicken. Need it “to go”? Use a whole wheat or corn tortilla to turn it into a wrap. Note: If using canned corn, rinse and pat dry; if using frozen corn, defrost, rinse, and pat dry.
Ingredients
2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, plus more for drizzling
2 cups corn kernels, fresh, canned, or frozen
3-ounce slice feta cheese, crumbled
Two 15.5-ounce cans black beans, rinsed and drained
2 cups cherry tomatoes, halved
1 large bell pepper, diced
1 small red onion, diced
Coarse sea salt, to taste
Freshly ground black pepper, to taste
Directions
Step 1
Heat a wok over medium-high heat. When hot, add 2 tablespoons olive oil and the corn kernels. Cook until the corn gets a slight char. Add the feta crumbles and stir until they melt. Transfer the mixture to a large bowl.
Step 2
Fold in the beans, tomatoes, bell pepper, and red onion. Season to taste with salt and pepper, then drizzle with more olive oil.
Croquetas—or croquettes, in the original French—are a favorite in tapas bars and homes throughout Spain. With a rich olive oil béchamel sauce as the binder, you can use whatever leftovers you have on hand—serrano ham, rice and vegetables, even fish. I’m partial to chicken and will poach two or three thighs in chicken broth for great depth of flavor. The peas are not traditional, but they add another layer of flavor and nutrients.
Ingredients
7 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided use
4 ounces onions, finely chopped
8 tablespoons flour, divided use
1 1/4 cups milk
8 ounces cooked chicken, finely diced
1 1/2 teaspoons fine sea salt
1 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1/4 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg
1/2 cup fresh steamed or frozen (thawed) green peas, drained (optional)
2 eggs, lightly beaten
1 cup fine breadcrumbs or panko
Directions
Step 1
Heat a saucepan over medium heat. When hot, add 3 tablespoons olive oil and the onions; sauté until the onions turn soft and translucent. Sprinkle on 4 tablespoons flour and cook, whisking continuously, for 2 minutes, until the flour turns a warm blond color. Slowly whisk in the milk, 1/4 cup at a time, waiting for the sauce to rethicken before adding the next 1/4 cup. Once all the milk is incorporated, the sauce should be extremely thick.
Step 2
Fold in the chicken, salt, pepper, nutmeg, and green peas if using. Remove from the heat and transfer to a large glass bowl to cool. Once the mixture reaches room temperature, refrigerate it for at least 4 hours or overnight. It should be very solid before proceeding.
Step 3
To make the croquetas, set up three dishes—one for the rest of the flour, another for the eggs, and the third for the breadcrumbs. Working assembly-line style, scoop out 1/3 cup of the mixture and use your hands to form it into a 3-inch cylinder (or a round patty), dust it with flour, dip in the egg, and roll in the breadcrumbs. Place it on a rimmed sheet pan lined with parchment or waxed paper and repeat with the rest of the mixture.
Step 4
When all the croquetas have been formed, heat a large sauté or frying pan over medium-high heat. When hot, add the rest of the olive oil and as many croquetas as will fit without crowding. Sauté for 3 minutes on each side to crisp the coating and warm the filling. If necessary, make a second batch.
This dish translates to cod—the national fish of Portugal—in the style of the olive miller. Legend has it that this preparation was created to celebrate the early olive oil harvest. Traditionally it’s made with dried salt cod that’s been rehydrated, but I’m using cod tenderloin (any thick white fish fillet, fresh or frozen, lends itself to the prep). The fish is enhanced with batatas a murro—smashed potatoes. It’s often served with a raw garlic topping, perfect for fans of the “stinking rose.”
Ingredients
1 pound new or creamer potatoes, preferably all the same small size, scrubbed and patted dry
6 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided use
Coarse sea salt
1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary leaves or the leaves from one fresh sprig
1 large onion, cut into slivers
4 garlic cloves, sliced
1/4 teaspoon dried thyme or 1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves
1 to 1 1/2 pounds cod tenderloin or fillets
Freshly ground black pepper
Optional garnish: 4 raw garlic cloves, sliced
Directions
Step 1
Place the potatoes in a baking dish that will be large enough to hold them and the fish. Drizzle the potatoes with 2 tablespoons olive oil, a sprinkle of salt, and the rosemary. Bake at 375°F for 30 to 40 minutes.
Step 2
While the potatoes are baking, heat a frying pan over medium heat. When hot, add 2 tablespoons olive oil and the onions; cook for 10 minutes, until soft and translucent, then add 1/2 teaspoon salt, the garlic, and thyme. Continue cooking just until the garlic softens; remove from heat.
Step 3
Turn the oven down to 350°F, then carefully take the baking dish out of the oven and use a kitchen mallet or a metal spatula to smash each potato, exposing the flesh (if the potatoes don’t give easily, put them back in the oven for another 15 minutes). Move them to the perimeter of the dish and fill the center with the onions and garlic. Place the fish right over the onions. Drizzle the fish with the remaining olive oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper.
Step 4
Bake for 10 minutes, then take the dish out of the oven, flip each potato, and use a serving spoon to drizzle the fish with olive oil from the bottom of the dish. Return to the oven for another 10 minutes or until the fish feels firm to the touch. Serve the fish topped with the onion mixture and raw garlic, if desired, and with the potatoes on the side.
Rich avocados are puréed with traditional guacamole ingredients for a luscious cream. Instead of chips, serve with cold poached shrimp for a satisfying tapa or even a meal.
Ingredients
2 ripe avocados
4 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, plus more for drizzling
1 tablespoon freshly squeezed lime juice
1/4 cup chopped cilantro
2 garlic cloves
1 small jalapeño, stemmed and seeded
1/2 teaspoon fine sea salt
Dash of freshly ground black pepper
8 ounces cooked shrimp
Directions
Step 1
Cut the avocados in half, remove the pits, and scoop the flesh directly into a high-powered blender or food processor. Add the rest of the ingredients except the shrimp and process on high until smooth; it should have the texture of whipped cream cheese. If too thick, add cold water, just 1 tablespoon at a time, and process for a few seconds.
Step 2
Spoon the avocado cream into highball glasses or small bowls and garnish with equal amounts of shrimp, whole or chopped, and a drizzle of olive oil.
This is a traditional cold tomato soup, often made with plum tomatoes, but don’t confuse it with gazpacho. The tomatoes are the stars of this show. It takes mere minutes to whip up.
Ingredients
1 pound tomatoes, coarsely chopped
1 garlic clove
4 ounces crusty day-old bread, cut into small pieces
1/4 cup extra virgin olive oil
1 teaspoon Pedro Ximénez sherry vinegar, more to taste
1 teaspoon fine sea salt, more to taste
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper, more to taste
1/3 cup cold water if needed
2 hard-boiled eggs, cut into chunks
2 ounces serrano ham, cut into dice or strips
Directions
Step 1
In a high-powered blender or food processor, pulse the tomatoes and garlic until almost puréed. Add the bread pieces and let the tomatoes soften them for a minute. Add the olive oil, vinegar, salt, and pepper and process until smooth. Add the water, if needed, to achieve the texture of cream of tomato soup
Step 2
Transfer to 4 bowls or wide mugs and top with equal amounts of hard-boiled eggs and ham.
Migas is Spanish for breadcrumbs, and this dish makes the most of a leftover loaf when sautéed and served with chorizo, the famed Spanish sausage. First developed as a breakfast dish in Andalucía, it’s popular throughout Spain for lunch and even dinner, and variations abound. This is the version I cooked with Juande de Dios of García-Molina, producer of this quarter’s medium selection.
Ingredients
8 ounces day-old bread
1/2 cup water at room temperature, more if needed
6 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided use, plus more, for drizzling
6 ounces chorizo, cut in 1/2-inch slices
1 medium onion, about 8 ounces, halved and cut into slivers
1 large bell pepper, 8 ounces, diced
6 garlic cloves, minced
1 teaspoon coarse sea salt, more to taste
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper, more to taste
4 eggs
Directions
Step 1
Cut the bread into chunks, then pulse them in the food processor until you have a mix of small and medium pieces along with some crumbs (you can also do this all by hand). You should have about 4 cups.
Step 2
Transfer to a large bowl and add 1/2 cup water just to moisten them. Use your hands to work the water into the breadcrumbs, adding more only if needed (the breadcrumbs should be damp and crumbly, not soggy).
Step 3
Heat a 12-inch frying pan or wok over medium-high heat. When hot, add 2 tablespoons olive oil and the chorizo; cook until well browned, about 7 minutes. Add the onions, peppers, garlic, salt, and black pepper and cook until the peppers are tender, another 10 to 15 minutes. Use a slotted spoon to transfer the chorizo and vegetables to a nearby bowl, leaving as much oil in the pan as possible. Add another 2 tablespoons olive oil to the pan, then the bread; allow it to crisp for about 2 minutes before flipping the pieces. When they’re all fully toasted, fold in the chorizo and vegetables; turn off the heat.
Step 4
Heat another large frying pan over medium-high heat until hot. Add 2 tablespoons olive oil and then crack an egg into each quadrant of the pan. Let cook undisturbed until the whites are firm.
Step 5
Divide the migas among four plates and top each portion with a fried egg.
Caramelizing onions is a labor of love—time consuming, but you can do other jobs in the kitchen while keeping an eye on them, and the taste is worth every minute. Maximize the effort by doubling or tripling the amount and save the rest for other dishes. Piquillo peppers are available online and in some stores, and come roasted, skinned, and jarred—they’re also great on sandwiches.
Ingredients
4 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided use
4 ounces onions, cut into thin slivers
1 teaspoon fine sea salt, divided use
4 large eggs, beaten
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
2 piquillo peppers, cut into large dice
1 scallion, trimmed and thinly sliced
2 ounces goat cheese, crumbled
1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves
1 tablespoon chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley
Directions
Step 1
Heat a sauté pan over medium heat. When hot, add 2 tablespoons olive oil and the onions and cook for 5 minutes, then sprinkle with 1/2 teaspoon salt. Continue cooking over medium-low heat until tender and brown, 30 or more minutes (an hour or more if you double or triple the amount of onions). Transfer the onions to a dish.
Step 2
Raise the heat under the pan to medium-high. Beat the eggs in a bowl with the rest of the salt and the black pepper. Add the rest of the olive oil to the pan, then pour in the eggs. Cook undisturbed until firm around the edges, then place peppers, scallion, goat cheese, onions, and herbs on one half of the eggs. Fold the plain half over the fillings and continue to cook for another 3 minutes until the eggs are set; for ease, use a cake lifter instead of a spatula to fold. Then slide the omelet onto a serving plate.
This dish takes its name from the exquisitely sweet Pedro Ximénez sherry. Pork tenderloin is an extremely lean cut that will stay juicy with my two-step sear-and-bake method. Thinly slice any leftovers and pile on a crusty roll for lunch the next day.
Preheat the oven to 400°F. Place the tenderloin on a piece of parchment or wax paper. Brush it on all sides with 1 tablespoon olive oil, sprinkle on the salt, then pat on the black pepper.
Step 2
Heat a Dutch oven wide enough to hold the pork over high heat. When hot, add the rest of the olive oil and the pork. Sear the pork on all sides, turning it with tongs every 2 minutes.
Step 3
Cover the Dutch oven and place it in the oven to finish cooking for 10 minutes, or until an instant read thermometer registers 145°F when inserted into the thickest part of the tenderloin. Carefully place the Dutch oven on the stovetop and move the pork to a cutting board to rest while you make the sauce.
Step 4
Turn the heat up to high, add the shallots and garlic to the pan juices, and sauté for about 2 minutes, stirring constantly to avoid scorching. Deglaze the pan with the sherry, using a spatula to get up all the brown bits. Bring to a boil and cook until the sherry is reduced by half. Add the stock and boil it down until it’s reduced, again by half, and thick enough to coat the back of a spoon. Take the pot off the heat and whisk in the butter.
Step 5
Slice the tenderloin into 8 medallions, divide among 4 plates, and spoon on equal amounts of sauce.
Avocado Tuna Salad Recipe, Spotlight on Canned Tuna, Safer Avocado Slicing, HDL Cholesterol and Brain Health, and Moderate Exercise and Appetite
Move over avocado toast—avocado tuna salad is the new must-have dish. My recipe incorporates olive oil and cannellini beans for even more toothsome goodness. In fact, it’s loaded with ingredients that help boost good HDL cholesterol, which has many health benefits. For one, HDL may protect the brain’s gray matter, according to new research done at UT Southwestern Medical Center. I’m also sharing a finding from Murdoch University in Australia that moderate-intensity exercise may help decrease appetite in people trying to lose weight.
Avocado Tuna Salad
Healthy Ingredient Spotlight
Update on Tuna
Because of its availability and low price, canned tuna is the most consumed fish in the US. But recent recalls (due to defects in the cans themselves) and concern over mercury levels in fish may have you wondering how safe it is to eat tuna and how often.
The type of tuna matters. When Consumer Reports (CR) analyzed popular brands, their scientists found that chunk light and skipjack tuna have roughly a third of the mercury found in albacore, with some even greater variations by brand. Bumble Bee, Chicken of the Sea, StarKist, and Safe Catch Wild Elite had the lowest amounts of mercury and were deemed safe to eat up to three times a week, compared with albacore that on average should be limited to once a week.
Where the tuna was caught matters too. CR reported that “experts who study mercury contamination in fish have found that levels of it in different oceans appear to be linked to different practices and policies in the nations nearby. For instance, mercury contamination in tuna caught in the Pacific Ocean is on the rise, but levels are dropping in tuna from the Atlantic Ocean,” said Nicholas Fisher, PhD, a distinguished professor in the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University in New York. “In China and India, they burn a lot of coal for electricity, and when you burn coal, you release a lot of mercury into the air, which eventually rains down; so mercury levels have been increasing somewhat in the Pacific,” Dr. Fisher added. “Whereas in the Atlantic, we’ve shown that the levels have declined a little bit, primarily because of efforts made in North America … to sort of scrub the mercury from coal-fired plants in the US and Canada.”
Quick Kitchen Nugget
Safer Avocado Slicing
You’ve probably seen chefs on TV piercing an avocado pit with the tip of a knife and then twisting it out. As impressive as this maneuver might look, it’s extremely dangerous, for fingers and the palm of your hand. According to a study published in The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, there were an estimated 50,413 avocado-related knife injuries from 1998 to 2017 in the US. An analysis of data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission found there are roughly 24 avocado-related hospital visits per day!
There’s even a name for this common injury: avocado hand. It happens when the knife slices through the fleshy part of the avocado and into your hand or fingers. This can lead to tendon, nerve, blood vessel, or muscle injury that could permanently affect the ability to use your hand. According to experts at University of Utah Health, here’s the right way to cut an avocado and remove the pit:
Choose a ripe avocado and place it on a cutting board.
Use a butter knife and cut it in half lengthwise.
Twist the avocado to pull apart the halves.
Remove the pit by putting your index and middle finger between the pit and flesh and placing your thumb on the back to push and pop out the pit.
Remove the flesh from the skin with a spoon.
For Your Best Health
HDL Cholesterol and Brain Health
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good cholesterol, may play a vital role in conserving healthy brain matter in middle-aged adults, according to the first study to investigate a potential link between HDL function and brain volume. The research was done at UT Southwestern Medical Center and published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine.
“Our study has identified a novel role of HDL cholesterol function in maintaining gray matter volume in the brain, which is important for cognitive function in middle-aged adults,” said the study’s first author, John Giacona, PhD, assistant professor of applied clinical research and internal medicine in the School of Health Professions at UT Southwestern.
The research involved 1,826 participants between the ages of 35 and 70 enrolled in the multiethnic, population-based Dallas Heart Study, a longitudinal study now in its 25th year. First, fasting lipoprotein concentrations were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Participants were then tested for cognitive function, and their brain matter volume was measured using brain magnetic resonance imaging. Initial assessments took place between 2000 and 2002, and participants were reassessed between 2007 and 2009.
Professor of internal medicine in the division of cardiology Anand Rohatgi, MD, and his team at UTSW’s Clinical Heart and Vascular Center measured HDL function in this study. Their findings revealed that higher concentrations of small-particle HDL—but not larger particles or total HDL concentration—were linked with greater gray matter volume and higher cognitive capacity.
“Previous research has shown conflicting evidence regarding the concentration of HDL cholesterol in development of dementia or brain atrophy,” said senior author Wanpen Vongpatanasin, MD, professor of internal medicine and director of the hypertension section in the division of cardiology at UTSW. “However, the concentration of HDL cholesterol may not reflect their function.”
HDL decreases the amount of low-density lipoprotein LDL, or bad cholesterol, in blood vessels by transporting the excess to the liver, where it gets broken down. “In addition, HDL particles exist in many sizes, which may be linked to their function,” Dr. Vongpatanasin said. “We now need to understand exactly how the small HDL particle, which can cross the blood-brain barrier, may have a beneficial role in maintaining brain health.”
This finding led the researchers to note that HDL cholesterol function or levels of small HDL particles may be used as markers for a population at risk of developing cognitive decline, though additional studies would be required to confirm the connection.
According to the UMass Chan Medical School Center for Applied Nutrition, to increase your HDL you should increase the amount of physical activity you do, lose weight if needed, quit smoking if you smoke, and aim to increase omega-3 fatty acids in your diet with foods like fatty fish (such as light tuna, salmon, trout, and sardines), freshly ground flaxseed, walnuts, and dark, leafy greens.
Fitness Flash
Moderate Exercise and Appetite
A recent study from researchers at the Murdoch University Health Futures Institute in Australia found that moderate-intensity exercise can significantly influence appetite-related hormones and perceptions in obese men. It provides new insights into how exercise can aid appetite control and weight management.
According to one of the study authors, Timothy Fairchild, PhD, associate professor at Murdoch’s School of Allied Health, the study confirms their previous work showing the benefits of incorporating regular exercise into daily routines for individuals looking to manage their weight and improve their overall health.
“People understand that exercise helps burn energy. A lot of people assume that exercise also increases hunger and energy intake afterwards,” said Dr. Fairchild. “We have previously shown, using high-intensity exercise, that this is not the case. This latest study shows that even moderate-intensity exercise can have immediate and beneficial effects on appetite control in males with obesity.”
The study not only assessed food intake and appetite but also measured changes in hormones, which help regulate appetite. “Despite a strong focus on weight loss drugs in society at present, this study shows that lifestyle factors still have a strong and relevant role in helping people to live their healthiest life,” Dr. Fairchild added. “In fact, the hormones which have been shown to increase after exercise are the same hormones which the most successful weight loss drugs are mimicking. The added benefit of exercise is that you also receive the physical and mental health benefits of exercise.”
This twist on tuna salad forgoes mayo for creamy, nutrient-dense avocado (the avocado should be ripe but still somewhat firm). This recipe is also great made with grilled tuna—the next time a fillet is on the dinner menu, consider making a little extra to enjoy this dish for lunch the next day.
Ingredients
3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, plus more for drizzling
1 tablespoon fresh lime juice
1 tablespoon chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley
1/4 teaspoon fine sea salt
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1 Hass avocado, cut into chunks
One 5-ounce can chunk light tuna, drained and flaked, or the equivalent amount of grilled tuna
1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved
3/4 cup canned cannellini beans, rinsed and drained
2 tablespoons minced red onion
4 cups mixed spring greens, arugula, and/or baby spinach
Directions
Step 1
In a large bowl, whisk the olive oil and lime juice. Whisk in the parsley, salt, and pepper. Place half the avocado chunks in the bowl and mash them into the dressing. Gently fold in the rest of the chunks, the tuna, tomatoes, beans, and red onion.
Step 2
Divide the greens between two bowls and top with equal amounts of the tuna and drizzles of olive oil.
Yields 2 servings
For Your Best Health
The MIND Diet for Brain Health: More Benefits of Olive Oil
According to a new study from researchers at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and The Robert Butler Columbia Aging Center, a very specific brain-boosting diet has been linked to reduced dementia risk and a slower pace of aging. The study, “Diet, Pace of Biological Aging, and Risk of Dementia in the Framingham Heart Study,” published in the Annals of Neurology, also explains how the diet helps slow down the processes of biological aging.
“Much attention to nutrition in dementia research focuses on the way specific nutrients affect the brain,” said Daniel Belsky, PhD, associate professor of epidemiology and a senior author of the study. “We tested the hypothesis that healthy diet protects against dementia by slowing down the body’s overall pace of biological aging.”
The researchers used data from the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study, the Offspring Cohort. Participants were 60 years of age or older and free of dementia and had available dietary, epigenetic, and follow-up data. Follow-up was done at nine examinations, approximately every 4 to 7 years, which included a physical exam, lifestyle-related questionnaires, blood sampling, and, starting in 1991, neurocognitive testing. Of 1,644 participants included in the analyses, 140 developed dementia.
To measure the pace of aging, the researchers used an epigenetic clock called DunedinPACE developed by Dr. Belsky and colleagues at Duke University and the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. The clock measures how fast a person’s body is deteriorating as they grow older, “like a speedometer for the biological processes of aging,” explained Dr. Belsky.
“We have some strong evidence that a healthy diet can protect against dementia,” said Yian Gu, PhD, associate professor of neurological sciences at Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the other senior author of the study, “but the mechanism of this protection is not well understood.” Past research linked both diet and dementia risk to an accelerated pace of biological aging. “Testing the hypothesis that multi-system biological aging is a mechanism of underlying diet-dementia associations was the logical next step,” explained Dr. Belsky.
The research determined that higher adherence to the MIND diet slowed the pace of aging as measured by DunedinPACE and reduced risks for dementia and mortality. Furthermore, slower DunedinPACE accounted for 27% of the diet-dementia association and 57% of the diet-mortality association.
“Our findings suggest that slower pace of aging mediates part of the relationship of healthy diet with reduced dementia risk, and therefore, monitoring pace of aging may inform dementia prevention,” said first author Aline Thomas, PhD, of the Columbia Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain. “However, a portion of the diet-dementia association remains unexplained, therefore we believe that continued investigation of brain-specific mechanisms in well-designed mediation studies is warranted.”
“We suggest that additional observational studies be conducted to investigate direct associations of nutrients with brain aging, and if our observations are also confirmed in more diverse populations, monitoring biological aging may indeed inform dementia prevention,” noted Dr. Belsky.
Exactly What Is the MIND Diet?
MIND is a hybrid of the Mediterranean and DASH diets, tailored to reflect key findings from nutrition and dementia research. It details serving sizes of specific foods to focus on and which to limit, primarily those high in saturated fat, which is known to negatively affect brain health.
Foods and portions to eat every day: 1/2 to 1 cup green leafy vegetables, 1/2 cup other vegetables, 2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, and three 1-ounce servings of whole grains.
Foods and portions to eat over the course of each week: 5 ounces nuts, 2-1/2 cups berries, 1-1/2 cups legumes, two 3-to-5-ounce servings of skinless poultry, and 3-to-5 ounces fish.
Foods to limit to these weekly totals: three or fewer 3-to-5-ounce servings of red and processed meats, 1 ounce whole-fat cheese, 1 fried or fast food, and 4 sweet servings. If desired, no more than 1 teaspoon of butter or stick of margarine a day.
